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7. Ibid., pp. 61–62.

8. Ibid., p. 63.

9. Ibid.

10. Paludan, p. 77.

11. Rayne Kruger, All Under Heaven (2003), pp. 184–186; Charles O. Hucker, China’s Imperial Port (1975), p. 138.

12. Kruger, p. 189.

13. Ibid.; Roberts, p. 104.

14. Roberts, p. 82.

1. Thapar, Early India, p. 328; Benjamin Lewis Rice, Mysore Inscriptions (1983), p. 319.

2. Hermann Oldenberg, The Religion of the Veda (1988), p. 250; Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty, ed., Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism (1990), pp. 15–17.

3. Rice, pp. 303, 305.

4. Pran Nath Chopra et ah, History of South India (1979), p. 61.

5. Sachindra Kumar Maity, Professor A. L. Basham, My Guruji and Problems and Perspectives of Ancient Indian History and Culture (1997), p. 189.

6. Bana, The Harsha Carita, trans. Edward B. Cowell and F. W. Thomas (1968), chap. 4.

7. Wolpert, p. 94; Bana, chap. 8.

8. Karl J. Schmidt, An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History (1995), p. 29.

9. Maity, pp. 189–190; Rice, p. 322.

10. Thapar, Early India, p. 330.

1. Gwyn Jones, A History of the Vikings (1984), p. 25; Paul the Deacon, History of the Lombards, trans. William Dudley Foulke (1974), 1.2.

2. Burns, p. 214.

3. Gregory, p. 137.

4. Collins, pp. 43–48.

5. Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds and the Future of Turkey (1997), p. 7.

6. R. N. Frye, «The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians», in Yarshater, p. 156.

7. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, p. 33.

8. Paul the Deacon, 2.4.

9. Ibid., 1.27.

10. al-Tabari, History, vol. 5, pp. 149–150.

11. Saunders, History of Medieval Islam, p. 22; Armstrong, Muhammad, p. 58–59.

12. Saunders, p. 14; Thomas F. Cleary, trans., The Essential Qu’ran (1988), Surah 105.

13. Saunders, History of Medieval Islam, p. 14.

14. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, pp. 76–77.

15. Gregory, p. 150.

16. al-Tabari, History, vol. 5, pp. 156–161.

1. Gregory of Tours, 4.27–28.

2. Venantius Fortunatus, Venantius Fortunatus, trans. Judith W. George (1995), p. 47.

3. Gregory of Tours, 4.51.

4. Frank Glessner Ryder, trans., The Song of the Nibelungs (1962), pp. 95–97, 188, 197.

5. Gregory of Tours, 8.9

6. Fredegar, Fredegarii Chronicorum Liber Quartus cum Continuationibus, trans. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (1960), 4.17.

7. Ibid., 4.19.

8. Ibid., 4.30.

9. Ibid., 4.38.

10. Ibid., 4.42.

11. Geary, pp. 152–154.

12. Fredegar, 4.67.

13. Ibid., 4.85.

14. Ibid., Continations 1–2.

15. Geary, p. 180.

1. Paul the Deacon, 2.28.

2. Ibid., 3.35.

3. Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 12, p. 399.

4. Paul the Deacon, 3.24.

5. Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 12, p. 420.

6. Epistle 1.3, in ibid., p. 532.

7. Jeffrey Richards, The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752 (1979), p. 173.

8. Epistle 5.36, in Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 12, p. 704.

9. Richards, p. 174.

10. Henry Mayr-Hartin, The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England (1972), pp. 33–34.

11. Bede, 1.23; Gregory the Great, Epistle 5.51, in Schaffand Wace, Select Library, vol. 12, p. 753.

12. Bede, 1.25,5.24.

13. Quoted in Fletcher, The Barbarian Conversion (1999), p. 115.

14. Bede, 1.26.

15. Epistle 8.30, in Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 12, p. 815; Fletcher, Barbarian Conversion, p. 116.

16. Epistle 11.64, in Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 13, p. 133.

17. Bede, 1.26.

1. al-Tabari, History, vol. 5, p. 298.

2. Theophylact Simocatta, The History of Theophylact Simocatta, trans. Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby (1986), 8.1-3

3. Frye, «Political History of Iran under the Sasanians», in Yarshater, pp. 163–165.

4. Gregory, p. 151.

5. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, pp. 126–128; Maurice, Maurice’s Strategikon, trans. George T. Dennis (1984), 9.4.

6. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. I, pp. 85–86.

7. Ibid., pp. 88–89.

8. Ibid., p. 92.

9. Theophanes the Confessor, The Chronicle of Theophanes, trans. Harry Turtledove (1982), p. 1.

10. Gregory the Great, Epistle 13.31, in Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 13, p. 173.

11. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 3; Ostrogorsky, p. 84.

12. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 9.

13. Ibid., p. 10.

14. Fredegar 4.34.

15. Antiochus Strategos, «The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD», trans. F. C. Conybeare, English Historical Review, 25 (1910), pp. 509–510.

16. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 12.

17. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, p. 219.

18. Quoted in ibid., p. 220.

19. Ibid., p. 223.

20. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), pp. 13–14.

21. Ostrogorsky, pp. 100–101.

22. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 15.

23. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 55.

24. Fredegar, 4.48.

25. Collins, pp. 118–119; Ostrogorsky, pp. 102–103.

26. Theodore the Syncellus, Traduction et Commentaire de Thomelie ecriteprobablementpar Theodore le Syncelle sur le siege de Constantinople en 626, trans. Ferenc Makk (1975), 22.

27. Ostrogorsky, p. 103.

28. Theodore the Syncellus, 33.