Горечь войны - Найл Фергюсон

89 Webb, Hyperinflation, p. 91.

90 Specht, Politische und wirtschaftliche Hintegründe, pp. 30, 43n.

91 Webb, Hyperinflation, p. 31.

92 Ferguson, Paper and Iron, p. 310.

93 Henning, Das industrialisierte Deutschland, p. 45.

94 Witt, Finanzpolitik und sozialer Wandel im Krieg, p. 424.

95 Рассчитано на основании данных из Wagenführ, Die Industriewirtschaft, pp. 23–28; Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 193f; F. Graham, Exchange, pp. 287, 292; Hoffmann, Grumbach und Hesse, Wachstum, pp. 358f, 383–385, 388, 390–393.

96 Holtfrerich, German Inflation, p. 288.

97 Webb, Hyperinflation, p. 57.

98 Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. XVII, pp. 130f, 176.

99 Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 200, 248, 446f.

100 Feldman, Political Economy, pp. 180–206.

101 Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. XVII, p. 131; Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, pp. 288–295; Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. II, p. 41.

102 Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. XVIII, p. 48.

103 Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, pp. 100–124.

104 Marks, Reparations Reconsidered, в разных местах; Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, pp. 241f.

105 Holtfrerich, German Inflation, pp. 148f; Webb, Hyperinflation, pp. 54, 104; Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, pp. 129f. Ср. Maier, Truth about the Treaties, pp. 56–67.

106 Webb, Hyperinflation, p. 107.

107 Подробности см. в Ferguson, Balance of Payments Question.

108 PRO CAB 37/141/15, Granville to Grey, 14 Sept. 1915; PRO CAB 37/141/15, Bertie to Grey, 15 Jan. 1916. См. также PRO CAB 37/141/15, Sir John Pilter [Hon. Pres. of British Chamber of Commerce, Paris]: An after the war scheme for a customs union, 1 Sept. 1915.

109 PRO BT 55/1 (ACCI 5), British trade after the war: report of a subcommittee of the advisory committee to the Board of Trade on commercial intelligence with respect to measures for securing the position, after the war, of certain branches of British industry, 28 Jan. 1916. See also PRO BT 55/32 (FFT 2), Financial Facilities for Trade Committee: notes on post-bellum trade policy, with special reference to the penalization of German trade, undated, 1916; PRO RECO 1/356, Ministry of Blockade memorandum on “trade war”, 27 June 1917.

110 Bunselmeyer, Cost of the War, pp. 39–43.

111 PRO RECO 1/260, Final Report of the committee on commercial and industrial policy after the war [Balfour of Burleigh committee], 3 Dec. 1917.

112 Balderston, German Economic Crisis, pp. 82ff.

113 Schuker, American “Reparations” to Germany.

114 По данным из Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 194, 235; Wagenführ, Die Industriewirtschaft, p. 26.

115 F. Graham, Exchange, pp. 214–238, 261.

116 Ferguson, Paper and Iron, pp. 325ff.

117 Информацию по структуре торговли см. в Hentschel, Zahlen und Anmerkungen, p. 96; Laursen and Pedersen, German Inflation, pp. 99–107; Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, p. 194.

118 Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 484f.

119 Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 83–92, 100–154.

120 Holtfrerich, German Inflation, pp. 213f.

121 Ibid., pp. 206–220. По оценке Хольтфрериха, если бы Германия вела дефляционную политику, импорт из США сократился бы на 60%, а из Британии – на 44%.

122 Это предсказывал социалист Рудольф Гильфердинг: “С увеличением выпуска [банкнот] торговый баланс неизбежно становится пассивным. Фактически это стимулирует рост внутренних цен, что, в свою очередь, стимулирует импорт и сдерживает экспорт”; Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, p. 44n; Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, p. 251.

123 См. оценки в Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 437f; F. Graham, Exchange, pp. 44f.; Holtfrerich, German Inflation, p. 148.

124 Рассчитано на основании данных из Webb, Hyperinflation, p. 37; Witt, Finanzpolitik und sozialer Wandel im Krieg, pp. 425f.

125 Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 214–239.

126 Bessel, Germany, pp. 73, 79.

127 Paddags, Weimar Inflation, pp. 20–24. См. также Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, p. 71n; Webb, Hyperinflation, pp. 33, 37.

128 Paddags, Weimar Inflation, p. 38.

129 Данные см. в Deutschlands Wirtschaft, Währung und Finanzen, pp. 107–110.

130 См. Ferguson, Paper and Iron, pp. 280ff.

131 PRO RECO 1/775, Addison paper, Reconstruction finance, 10 Feb. 1918.

132 Рассчитано на основании данных из Hoffmann, Grumbach и Hesse, Wachstum, pp. 789f; Mitchell and Deane, British Historical Statistics, pp. 401f.

133 Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 46f, 816–819.

134 Keynes, Tract on Monetary Reform, pp. 3, 29, 36.

135 Graham F., Exchange, особенно pp. 321, 324.

136 Laursen и Pedersen, German Inflation, pp. 95–98, 124ff.

137 Graham, Exchange, pp. 278f, 317f; Laursen и Pedersen, German Inflation, pp. 77, 123.

138 Graham, Exchange, pp. 289; 318–321.

139 См., напр., Henning, Das industrialisierte Deutschland, pp. 63–83.

140 McKibbin, Class and Conventional Wisdom, pp. 259–248.

141 Holtfrerich, German Inflation, pp. 227–262.

142 Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, pp. 114, 228–231.

143 Holtfrerich, German Inflation, pp. 265–278.

144 Haller, Rolle der Staatsfinanzen, p. 151.

145 Ferguson, Paper and Iron, p. 8. Ср. Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 447ff.

146 James H., German Slump, p. 42.

147 Ferguson, Paper and Iron, p. 8.

148 Ibid.

149 Ibid., pp. 8f.

150 Ibid., p. 9.

151 Feldman, Great Disorder, pp. 249, 253.

152 Bresciani-Turroni, Economics of Inflation, pp. 183, 215, 261f, 275, 286, 314f, 330ff, 404.

153 Keynes, Economic Consequences, pp. 220–233.