Новые законы робототехники. Апология человеческих знаний в эпоху искусственного интеллекта - Фрэнк Паскуале

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Материал не исчез полностью; он может выводиться, если поиск ведется по имени мужа или в результате других запросов. Требование приватности ограничивается здесь поисками по имени вдовы.

328

Julia Powles, “Results May Vary: Border Disputes on the Frontlines of the ‘Right to be Forgotten,’ ” Slate, February 25, 2015, http://www. slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/o2/google_and_ the_right_to_be_forgotten_should_delisting_be_global_or_lo-cal.html.

329

Justin McCurry, “Japanese Court Rules against Paedophile in ‘Right to be Forgotten’ Online Case,” Guardian, February i, 2017, https:// www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/o2/right-to-be-forgotten-online-suffers-setback-after-japan-court-ruling.

330

Более общее обсуждение человеческой гибкости см. в: Geoff Colvin, Humans Are Underrated: What High Achievers Know That Brilliant Machines Never Will (New York: Penguin, 2015); Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus, Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Expertise and Intuition in the Era of the Computer (New York: Free Press, 1988).

331

Dan Solove, Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor and Privacy on the Internet (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007); Sarah Esther La-geson, Digital Punishment Privacy, Stigma, and the Harms of Data-Driven Criminal Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020).

332

Sarah T. Roberts, Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019); Lilly Irani, “Justice for ‘Data Janitors,’ ” Public Books, January 15, 2015, http:// www.publicbooks.org/nonfiction/justice-for-data-janitors.

333

Phillips, The Oxygen of Amplification; danah boyd, “Hacking the Attention Economy,” Points: Data & Society (blog), January 5, 2017, https:// points.datasociety.net/hacking-the-attention-economy-9fa1daca7a37; см. также: Pasquale, “Platform Neutrality”; Frank Pasquale, “Asterisk Revisited: Debating a Right of Reply on Search Results,” Journal of Business and Technology Law 3 (2008): 61–86.

334

Mark Bergen, “YouTube Executives Ignored Warnings, Letting Toxic Videos Run Rampant,” B100mberg News, April 2, 2019, https://www. b100mberg.com/news/features/2019-o4-o2/youtube-executives-ignored-warnings-letting-toxic-videos-run-rampant.

335

Здесь моя позиция созвучна названию группы Free Speech for People, выступающей против Citizens United, поскольку я считаю, что доктрина «компьютерной речи» может развиваться в том же опасном направлении, в каком развивалась доктрина корпоративной речи.

336

James Grimmelmann, “Copyright for Literate Robots,” Iowa Law Review 101 (2016): 657–682.

337

Danielle K. Citron and Robert Chesney, “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security,” California Law Review 107 (2019): 1753–1819.

338

Mary Anne Franks and Ari Ezra Waldman, “Sex, Lies, and Videotape: Deep Fakes and Free Speech Delusions,” Maryland Law Review 78 (2019): 892–898. Какой бы интерес к автономии ни утверждался создателями подобных дипфейков, он должен быть соотнесен с заинтересованностью аудитории в наличии неискаженной публичной сферы. См.: Robyn Caplan, Lauren Hanson, and Joan Donovan, Dead Reckoning: Navigating Content Moderation after Fake News (New York: Data & Society, 2018), https://datasociety.net/library/ dead-reckoning/; Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis, Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online (New York: Data & Society, 2015), https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSociety_MediaManipula-tionAndDisinformationOnline.pdf.

339

James Grimmelmann, “Listeners’ Choices,” University of Colorado Law Review 90 (2018): 365–410.

340

The BCAP Code: The UK Code of Broadcast Advertising, Appendix 2 (September 1, 2010), http://www.asa.org.uk/uploads/assets/uploaded/e6e8bioa-20e6-4674-a7aa6dc15aa4f8i4.pdf. Американская Федеральная комиссия по коммуникациям дважды рассматривала вопрос, но ничего не сделала. См.: Ryan Calo, “Digital Market Manipulation,” George Washington Law Review 82 (2014): 995-1051.

341

Bolstering Online Transparency Act, California Business & Professions Code § § 17940-43 (2019).

342

Act to Add Article 10 (commencing with Section 17610) to Chapter 1 of Part 3 of Division 7 of the Business and Professions Code, relating to advertising, A.B. 1950, 2017–2018 Reg. Sess. (January 29, 2018), http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient. xhtml?bill_id=20172018oAB1950.

343

Frederic Lardinois, “The Google Assistant Will Soon Be Able to Call Restaurants and Make a Reservation for You,” TechCrunch, May 8, 2018, https://techcrunch.c0m/2018/05/08/the-g00gle-assistant-will-soon-be-able-to-call-restaurants-and-make-a-reservations-for-you/ (см. видео в момент 0:24).

344

Yaniv Leviathan, “Google Duplex: An Al System for Accomplishing Real-World Tasks over the Phone,” Google Al Blog, May 8, 2018, https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/o5/duplex-ai-system-for-natural-conversation.html?fbclid=IwARoK2LGSd9wLPeN31ejGQhj8TAaJif QLoaKPZgeivpBoQgTAwakOTbPPIMw.

345

Alice Gregory, “R U There? A New Counselling Service Harnesses the Power of the Text Message,” New Yorker, February 2, 2015, https:// www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/r-u.

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Nick Statt, “Google Now Says Controversial Al Voice Calling System Will Identify Itself to Humans,” Verge, May 10, 2018, https:// www.theverge.com/2018/5/10/17342414/google-duplex-ai-assistant-voice-calling-identify-itself-update.

347

Masahiro Mori, “The Uncanny Valley: The Original Essay by Masahiro Mori,” trans. Karl F. MacDorman and Norri Kageki, IEEE Spectrum, June 12, 2012, https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/ humanoids/the-uncanny-valley.

348

Natasha Lomas, “Duplex Shows Google Failingat Ethical and Creative Al Design,” TechCrunch, May io, 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/10/ duplex-shows-google-failing-at-ethical-and-creative-ai-design/.

349

James Vincent, “Google’s Al Sounds Like a Human on the Phone – Should We Be Worried?” Verge, May 9, 2018, https://www.thev-erge.com/2018/5/9/17334658/google-ai-phone-call-assistant-duplex-ethical-social-implications.

350

Rachel Metz, “Facebook’s Top Al Scientist Says It’s ‘Dust’ without Artificial Intelligence,” CNN, December 5, 2018, https://www.cnn. com/2018/12/05/tech/ai-facebook-lecun/index.html.

351

ИИ в автоматизированной публичной сфере является примером того, что Интрона и Вуд называют «молчащей» технологией, противопоставляемой «заметной». Она является встроенной, темной, гибкой и мобильной (реализуемой в программном обеспечении), а потому противостоит технологии, находящейся на поверхности, прозрачной и зафиксированной. См.: Lucas Introna and David Wood, “Picturing Algorithmic Surveillance: The Politics of Facial Recognition Systems,” Surveillance and Society 2, no. 2/3 (2002): 177–198.

352

Sam Thielman, “Q&A: Mike Ananny, On Facebook, Facts, and a Marketplace of Ideas,” Columbia Journalism Review, April 5, 2018, https:// www.cjr.org/tow_center/qa-usc-annenbergs-mike-ananny-on-face-books-fact-checkers-and-the-problem-with-a-marketplace-of-ideas. php; Mike Ananny, “The Partnership Press: Lessons for Platform-Publisher Collaborations as Facebook and News Outlet Teams to Fight Misinformation,” Tow Center for Digital Journalism Report, April 4, 2018, https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/partnership-press-facebook-news-outlets-team-fight-misinformation.php.

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Tim O’Reilly, “Media in the Age of Algorithms,” Medium, November 11, 2016, https://medium.com/the-wtf-economy/media-in-the-age-of-algorithms-63e8ob9boa73#.gl86jwgr4.